Great Gatsby Essays (541 words) - The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby

Writing a Reaction Paper

Writing a Reaction PaperWriting a reaction paper about your thesis is not an easy task. Many students are afraid to give their precious knowledge away, but that is just the way they are programmed. This fear becomes a weakness when you want to make sure you will not run out of ideas. The students who do not give up will be the successful ones in their subjects.First of all, what is the student's major? Did you know that a student can get a degree in a field without even knowing how to do it? This is possible. At the same time, even the most talented students in the world cannot get a job if they do not know how to write a good academic paper. That is why writing a reaction paper is important.Do not go for just any reaction paper to write. Make sure you find a topic that you have knowledge of, because this will help you gain more insight on what the paper should be about. You should also go with a professor who has some experience with a subject similar to yours. When you read a paper , you will get a better idea about what the author is trying to convey.As you can see, when you choose the topic, you have to determine what you are trying to convey. Even if you think you know the topic well, make sure you know a lot more about it than what you think. If you are a manager, then you will need to know the specific tasks that the department works on in a day. This will help you gauge the difficulty of the paper. You will also be able to see if the assignment you are assigned is challenging enough.Writing a reaction paper can also be quite difficult because you are not really a professional writer, but the writer's work is not always easy. However, if you want to find out how to write a good reaction paper, the best thing to do is to make sure you are prepared. If you are not sure about a topic, it is best that you start from scratch. Go online and read a sample of how to do it and analyze what the writer is doing.One thing that is always helpful is a proofreading befo re you publish the paper. It would be a great help if you already have a portfolio with examples of your work. Proofread your work and if there are still problems with it, contact your instructor and ask for a revision. Remember, a proofread is just a suggestion. You have to find what is wrong and what is right.Always remember that you are writing a paper for your class. While your professor may have given you a deadline to complete the assignment, you must not set your deadline too low. Instead, set it high, but do not cheat. When you are finished, remember to reward yourself with a small treat or just sit down and relax.Writing a reaction paper about your thesis is not an easy task. If you are not a fan of writing, writing papers is not for you. However, if you are confident in your writing skills, then you can start writing papers about your passions. Keep your goals high and do not quit before you have it all written out.

Lab Report Writing Services

Lab Report Writing Services Professional Lab Report Writing Service Home›Professional Lab Report Writing Service The online option of lab report order is a great thing for students, especially for those who struggle to strike a balance between studying and part-time job. Whenever you are assigned to write the report by your college or university professor, you are wondering, “Who can write my lab report for me?” A professional lab report is a challenging task as it demands a great deal of concentration, perseverance, and sufficient time. Besides, if you want to succeed in report writing, you need to devote a great deal of effort. If you cannot get to understand how to write the report, you might as well discuss the issue with your group mates who have also got the same task. Mostly, such collaboration with others is helpful and beneficial if those people are excellent writers and can share with you some new information on how to complete the task properly. Moreover, if you cooperate with others, you migh t be more motivated and feel some competitiveness within the group. As a rule, such things encourage students to do their best in order not to seem worse than others in their achievements.Buy Lab Reports Online: Expert Help from Qualified Writers

The Boston Tea Party and America’s Independence Essay

The Boston Tea Party and America’s Independence Throughout the course of history there have been many events leading up to the independence of America. Some of them were small, whereas others were much more significant. One of the more important events was the Boston Tea Party. This was when the colonists, in anger, boarded a ship carrying many chests of fine teas, and hurled them overboard. The Boston Tea Party marked the first act of open resistance to British rule. The Boston Tea Party alone was not the main event that brought America her independence. However it was the larger of many little things that led up to the revolutionary war. For example, if there would never have been a Tea Tax, then there never would have been the need†¦show more content†¦They would then proceed to tear open the chests of tea and dump them overboard. That Sunday night, December 16th, 1773, the plan was put into action. It worked just as they had wanted it to. The near hundred men, all dressed as Indians, boarded the ship and with their to mahawks, they broke the chests of tea open and succeeded in dumping 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. This was later named The Boston Tea Party, but for the British it was called a disaster. As soon as King George III heard of the tea party, he was furious. In 1774, the British government passed many laws in order to punish the colonists for their act of rebellion. Some people called these laws the Punitive Acts, and some called them the Coercive Acts. However to most, they were known as the Intolerable Acts. There were five Intolerable Acts all together. The first of these was called the Boston Port Act. This law closed down the Boston port until the East India Company was reimbursed for the tea that was ruined in the Boston Harbor. This upset the people greatly, since this was the only port in Boston and the people of Boston thrived on commerce. The bad thing about this law was that it punished the innocent as well as the guilty. The second of the laws was a modification to the Massachusetts charter of 1691. It took away many of the rights of self-government that the province had enjoyed. The third measure stated that the BritishShow MoreRelatedUnited States Fight for Freedom703 Words   |  3 Pagesfreedom is most treasured because of past historical events which were highly significant leading up to America’s independence. The Boston Tea Party is considered to be one of the most significant events which led to the Revolutionary War. Some say if the Boston Tea Party had not happened, the Americans may not have made noteworthy historical data. Initially, the event of the Boston Tea Party only seemed inconsequential and rather rebellious, but it was actually the Americans first step towards havingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Freedom From England s Rule946 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year on July 4th, Americans celebrate Independence Day. While companies have commercialized the day, by selling 4th of July cards, shirts with the American flag on them, and party items themed red, white, and blue, Americans are still reminded that brave actions that happened hundreds of years ago set the path for freedom from England’s r ule. â€Å"The Second Continental Congress delegated the task of writing the Declaration of Independence to a committee of five men consisting of Thomas JeffersonRead MoreThe Aftermath And Acts That Followed The Boston Tea Party1522 Words   |  7 PagesFollowed the Boston Tea Party Karla Valeria Gonzalez Formatted Rough Draft Mr. Isaac G. Pietrzak U.S. History 1301 November 4, 2016 On the Thursday of December 16th of the year 1773, several men began to dump what is now worth over a million dollars of British tea into the Boston Harbor. This later became known as the famous Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was the initial cause of the American Revolution and the freedom America has gained. The Boston Tea Party was alsoRead MoreAmericas Road to Independence Essay639 Words   |  3 PagesAmericas Road to Independence America’s Road to Independence: In the year 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed, granting America their freedom from Great Britain. There were many reasons why the colonists wanted their freedom and separation from their mother country of England. Great Britain laid down many laws and Acts which were the main reasons leading up to the revolutionary war, otherwise known as America’s War for Independence. For eleven years even before the actual revolutionRead MoreAmerican Revolution Gave Birth to Democracy in America Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The British are coming, the British are coming!† Did you know that these famous words were never yelled by Paul Revere? However, the British were indeed coming. America’s forefathers came to this land to escape oppression from British rule. It wasn’t until they were being overtaxed by the British that they rose up to fight for independence and freedom. This historic event was known as The American Revolution. The American Revolution gave birth to democracy in America through great historical eventsRead MoreThe Fight Of American Independence Was Not One In Just1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe fight of American independence was not one in just one war. It took two major wars over the course of almost forty years for America to finally be free of the superpower that was Great Britain. The two wars for the independenc e of the United States of America, the American Revolution and The War of 1812, were both fought here on the home front of America. The United States being the underdog, emerged victorious through both wars. These wars though were not without purpose. Both had their ownRead MoreThe Importance of John Adams 1763-17761606 Words   |  7 Pages1763-1776 â€Å"Fear is the foundation of most governments,† (1) quoted by the fearless leader John Adams. John Adams played significant roles during the years of 1763 through 1776. He was in support of self-governing and independence which caused him to become the leader of the Boston Massacre. Between 1765 and 1776, Adams’s involvement in radical politics ran apace with the escalation of events. In 1770, he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and he later served as chiefRead MoreThe Death Of A Shoemaker And The Tea Party By Alfred F. Young Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagestoday, is seen as a memorable event in history. It was a war against Britain for the independence of the thirteen colonies that began in 1775. Before the American Revolution began, there was a lot of conflict between the colonists and British authorities. The British raised revenue by establishing Acts such as the Stamp Act of 1766. The colonists were against it and tried revolting against Britain, leading to the Boston Massacre in 1770 of British soldiers shoot colonists and killing a few men. The colonistsRead MoreThe Boston Massacre And The Boston Tea Party1042 Words   |  5 Pagesthe one we know today. Within these events are the The Boston Massacre and The Boston Tea Party. One person that affected America a lot was George Washington. Some acts also sparked change within these are, The Sugar Act, The Stamp Act, and The Townshend Acts. The Second Continental Congress were also a supremely important group of people that wrote the most important paper: The Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was a very important document that was written by the congressRead MoreThe American Revolution and Indias Independence Movement Essays1455 Words   |  6 Pagessometimes using overt force. Challenges to that authority through violent and nonviolent revolution can have significant consequences, including the collapse and replacement of whole systems of governance. Both the American Revolution and the Indian Independence Movement gained their freedom by challenging the British Empire with the use of alternating tactics and policies. The rise of Imperialism in India began when the East India Company gained control of India after the decline of the Mughal Empire

Standardize Testing in American Schools - 2466 Words

As child growing up some of the frightful memories include a visit to the dentist; an evil man with scary drill whose solve purpose is to hurt you or the first day in elementary school you finally leave all behind the cozy classrooms and nap times of kindergarten and enter the big leagues. All of these are considered a cakewalk compared to standardize testing. Since the start of elementary school students in the United States are taught to test. In many instances students are held back or placed in remedial classes because of lower grades. But many don’t realize that some students are not great at testing taking and because of the lower grades some educators believe that these students are lower achievers. This leads to lower self-esteem and encourage students to drop out in later years. Also students are forced to memorize information merely as facts without sparking their creativity or enhancing their knowledge. Prior to the educational reform movements of the 1970s and 1980s, standardized tests were primarily employed as measures of student achievement that could be reported to parents, and as a means of noting state and district trends (Moon 2) . Teachers paid little attention to these tests, which in turn had little impact on curriculum. However, in the continuing quest for better schools and high achieving students, testing has become a central focus of policy and practice. Standardized tests are tests that attempt to present unbiased material under the same,Show MoreRelatedStandardized Testing Is Not Be Completely Honest I Do Not Know About Standardized Test1151 Words   |  5 PagesStandardize Testing Being completely honest I do not know much about standardized test. I remember having to take them as a student in elementary and junior high. I knew that I would not be receiving a letter grade on these test. I remember never stressing about taking the test. To be honest if I did not understand the question I was the kid that just made a design on the answer sheet. I absolutely was not aware of the reasoning or purpose of test. As a parent, I see my kids stress out about takingRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Not Be Completely Honest, I Do Not Know About Standardized Test1363 Words   |  6 Pages  Standardize Testing Being completely honest, I do not know much about standardized test. I remember having to take them as a student in elementary and junior high. I knew that I would not be receiving a letter grade on these tests. I remember never stressing about taking the test. To be honest if I did not understand the question I was the kid that just made a design on the answer sheet. I absolutely was not aware of the reasoning or purpose of tests. As a parent, I see my kids stress outRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge W. Bush and it passed with bipartisan support on Jan. 8, 2002. This Act states that there will be mandated annual testing in the subject reading and math and science. In the grades 3-8 and 10th grade. It shows the Adequate Yearly Progress of each school in the system of the United States. (source 1) The biggest point of this Act is that no child is â€Å"trapped in a failing school† (source 1). That each student in the United States is being able to get the fair treatment as every other student inRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Is An Act Designed985 Words   |  4 Pageslearn more in the elementary through high school grade levels. The act was put into place on January 8th, 2002 by President Bush as a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (No Child Left Behind). The act was implemented into every public school in America, and has promoted the emphasis on math, reading and writing (White). The act required annual testing in schools of all students from third to eighth grade in the 2005 to 2006 school year. Studies have shown that No Child LeftRead MoreThe End Goal Of Education1375 Words   |  6 Pagesstimulate and excite us to learn more about our field of interests. I am attending Montclair State University simply for a degree. I am not here because of a conscious choice to better myself academically. It was engrained in me throughout my high school career that the only way to get ahead is to show that I have the necessary qualifications. Generally, it requires me to attain a degree that will ultimately qualify me professionally, thus opening better opportunities financially. 0 Society sellsRead MoreThe Limitations Of Standardized Testing Essay705 Words   |  3 Pageslimitations of â€Å"standardized testing† as a rigid and narrow criterion for gauging the educational capabilities of students in public education. The criterion for standardized testing relies on narrow areas of knowledge that define a hierarchical imposition of â€Å"intelligence† testing that forces the student to perform ion a constrained academic environment. This type of testing has become a mechanized tool to reject the individual needs of the student in a linear testing methodology. The importanceRead MoreThe School Entrance Examination Board Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesa member of American Psychological Association, Brigham was appointed secretary of the College Entrance Examination Board, creating the blueprint and later developing the SAT assessment (Kamin, 1975). The Gatekeepers In order to monitor student’s aptitude with college prep subjects the College Board was formed (Atkinson Geiser, 2009). Created in 1900, 12 prominent universities assisted in forming the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB). The organization help to standardize the admissionRead MoreWhat Does Education Mean?1613 Words   |  7 Pageswell-paying job. Grades and standardize testing have become representations of an individual. In the video Losing Ourselves poses a question to society if our education system is really benefiting all students to be successful in their lives? A Scarsdale high school senior helped capture the reality of our education system, and how it prepares students to take a test rather than discover themselves. The education system and the Common Core have resorted to using standardized testing scores to assess theRead MoreAre We Considered Educated?1487 Words   |  6 PagesPeople who are more knowledgeable about a subject, get put in charge to lead others. It is erroneous to think otherwise. The question many should now ask, is â€Å"What makes American Education different to the education in other countries?†. There is a separation between these systems through techniques in teaching, mandatory testing, social affairs, and expectations. In order to produce well-educated people, there must be a scholarly educator who spends time to teach the future generation, or in short-termsRead MoreSchool As A Context For Development956 Words   |  4 Pages Schools as a Context for Development â€Å"Environmental influence during the first few years of life is crucial to all later abilities, especially intellectual ones†(Lightfoot et al., 2013, p.437). In the United States many children don’t receive an excellent education due to living in neighborhoods that are economically poor, typically where many minority children grow up. Children usually learn through social enhancement, imitation and explicit instruction that are provided in their culture from

Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore Free Essays

string(82) " case whereby a cook employed by VP Food Pte Ltd, he was terminated after 3 days\." 1. Introduction a. Objectives The objective of the report is to provide a better understanding of the roles of the different courts in settling employment disputes. We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the end of the report, reader would be able to find alternatives in settling employment disputes too. b. Methods of Research In this report, there will be real life case studies settled by different courts for settling disputes. These cases will help in illustrating the criteria for using the different courts. This report will also include internet research. 2. Causes of Disputes Disputes are caused when both parties, namely the employer and employee, cannot come into an agreement over monetary issues such as wages, benefits and overtime pay. Other circumstance will be a violation of health safety standards or law that can be common law or related to employment. Court cases will arise when these disputes are not resolved by conciliation or mediation. 3. Acts Relating to Employment There are two main acts that concern the procedures of settling disputes. They are the Employment Act (EA) and Industrial Relations Act (IRA). c. Employment Act For employees covered by the Employment Act, employment disputes will only be referred to the Labour Court for adjudication if they are unable to be resolved amicably through conciliation. Conciliation is a process which involves negotiations between the parties, then coming up with a mutually agreed decision that is fair to the parties involved. However, certain conditions must be satisfied, that the claim must be on matters arising not earlier than one year from the date of lodging the claim, and if the employee concerned had already left employment, the claim must be lodged within six months from the date of leaving employment. For managers and executives who are not covered by the Employment Act, the Ministry will consider providing mediation service to help resolve employment disputes on breach of contract or retrenchment. Mediation, a non-adversarial process, involves a mediator who will facilitate the entire process by helping the parties involved to first identify issues, negotiate, then find a practical solution and settlement that all parties involved are mutually agreeable to and able to accept. The mediation process is voluntary and considered on a case-by-case basis. There are certain requirements that will apply, which includes that the managers and executives are earning $4500 and below, the claim is in respect of a matter which occurred within the period of one year before the date that the issue is reported, if the claim is for items related to their termination (e. g. notice, the issue must be lodged within six months from the date on which the employee has left employment), and when viable alternatives such as private amicable settlement with employer had been exhausted. However, if either party fails to respond to mediation or if no amicable settlement could be reached after mediation, the matter will then be pursued in the civil court. d. Industrial Relations Act The Industrial Relations Act is passed in 1960 to provide a mean to settle employment disputes through collective bargaining which involves the union, conciliation and if unresolved, through arbitration held by the Industrial Arbitration court. This act aims to protect employees who are members of the union, allowing them to enjoy benefits covered under. Examples of union include the Food, Drinks and Allied Workers Union and Singapore Airlines Staff Union. This act limits the representation of employees who are in managerial and executive positions in certain areas. As defined in Section 30(1) of Industrial Relations Act, an executive employee is an employee who is employed in a managerial or executive position. They are not allowed to have representatives from the union to negotiate for retrenchment benefits upon retrenchment or resolving any dispute in the contract of employment. As this act is a bridge to the tripartite relationship in Singapore, namely the government, employer and employee, there are certain procedures to follow in accordance to filing a case against the employer in a unionized organization. Preceding the filing, the employee would have to try to resolve the dispute with his immediate supervisor. Failing that, he or she can choose to bring the matter up to a member of the branch committee of the Union who would make a representation of the employee in resolving the dispute. In more serious cases, it can be brought up to the Human Resource Department by the General Secretary of Union and may even request a union management meeting with the management of the company. After all means, both parties will then refer the case to Ministry of Manpower for conciliation which is an invitation to negotiate under the Act. If an agreement is not reached by both parties, they can seek mediation by the Industrial Arbitration Court. 4. Different Courts The employees covered under the different acts will bring up their unresolved disputes to different courts. . Labour Court The Labour Court, deals with issues between employers and employees when they cannot be resolved through mediation or reconciliation at the MOM level. It is empowered by law to inquire into and arbitrate disputes between employees and employers. If mediation between the parties does not yield any agreement, for example, company not paying their employee salary or wrongful dismissal. The decisions or o rders by the Labour Court are enforceable. It is also more viable for the employee to go through the Labour Court to settle employment disputes. However, the employees must not be earning more than S$2500 per month and are covered under the Employment Act. In the case of Vertex Global Holdings Pte Ltd, they owed an employee in arrears for about 2. 5 months. They gave the reason of having financial difficulties and were not able to pay the employee. The case was brought up to the Labour Court but they did not accept this explanation and the company was ordered to pay the employee amounting to $2820. In another case whereby a cook employed by VP Food Pte Ltd, he was terminated after 3 days. You read "Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore" in category "Essay examples" However, the employer was to pay him a sum of $235. 38 for work done but was underpaid. The reason that the employer gave was the distress caused by the cook’s harassment and there was no notice period specified. The explanation was rejected. The court held that Employment Act prevails and notice pay was payable In such cases, Labour Court comes into good use when dealing with unfair treatment from the company. But in recent years, the number of cases being brought up to Labour Court has decreased from 2009 to 2010. This shows that mediation or reconciliation has contributed to a huge part of the decrease in number of cases and they would be a better solution to problems than going to court. f. Industrial Arbitration Court Employment disputes, concerning union members, are not resolve under the conciliation of MOM are referred to the Singapore Industrial Arbitration Court (IAC) for further remediation. The IAC resolve disputes between employers and employees by offering the best possible solutions that are not only fair and beneficial to both parties but also in the interest of the community and country’s economic situation. The decision made by the Justice of IAC is concluding hence it cannot be disputed or appealed against. Voluntary and compulsory arbitration are the two ways that employers, unions or the government can refer an employment disputes to the IAC. Through the voluntary arbitration, employers and unions can refer their cases to the IAC through a joint or ex-parte application however this is only applicable when mediation at the MOM level is deem inconclusive. Under compulsory arbitration, a dispute is referred to the IAC when it is directed by the MOM or the President of Singapore. With increasing efforts from tripartite co-operation, Singapore has seen a great decrease in the number of cases being handled at IAC. The number of employment dispute cases averaged 10 per year and this indicate that that majority of the cases are being resolved at MOM and union level. This is essential as it helps to reduce unnecessary loss of work man hours and provide foreign investor’s confidence to invest in Singapore which in turn boosts the Singapore economy. Over the years, IAC has proven to be an effective way in solving disputes between employees and employers however there are cases when one party might feel otherwise. In the case of the dispute between Singapore Refinery Company and the representing union, the general secretary of SRCEU mentioned that â€Å"the union is disappointed with the ruling as a whole. † The case was brought up to the IAC for settlement as the union demanded salary and service increment for SRC employees. The president of IAC concluded that SRC will increase the service increment to 5 per cent plus $15 and 3 per cent salary increment. The union felt that the increment was too low and there was no effective communication between them and the company. This case show that whiles the IAC may provide the best feasible solution however it does not mean that it is the best fit for all the parties involved in the dispute. g. Civil Court The role of civil courts in resolving employment disputes is at minimal. Disputes raised by Professionals, Manager and Executives, also known as the PMEs, earning up to S$4,500, are solved in civil court. However, the Ministry of Manpower in Singapore is looking into resolving their salary disputes in Labour Court in the near future, limiting it to S$20,000. This allows PMEs to seek a lower cost alternative in resolving their disputes. For breaches in employment contract, it will still be handled by civil courts under law of contract. 5. Comparison h. Differences Between The 3 Courts | Civil Court| Labour Court| Industrial Arbitration Court| What they settle? | Employment disputes on breach of contract or retrenchment that cannot be resolved through mediation| Employment disputes that cannot be settled through conciliation| Trade disputes that cannot resolve through conciliation| How they settle? The role of Civil Court in resolving disputes is at minimal. Civil Court handles breaches in employment contract under law of contract. | The court has the authority to analyse and settle disputes(for example, unfair treatment from the company)| Resolve employment dispute through arbitration. The decision made by the Justice of IAC cannot be disputed or appealed against. | Criteria| PMEs(Professionals, Manager and Executives) earning up to $4,50 0| No legal representation is allowed in Labour Court. Employees not earning more than $2,500 per month and are covered under Employment Act| An executive employee who are employed in a managerial or executive position are not allowed to have representatives from the union to negotiate for them(retrenchment or disputes in the contract of employment)| Who can go? | Managers and executives that are not covered under Employment Act| Employers and Employees under Employment Act| Employers and trade unions| In the past, Singapore employment law has been favorable to employers. However, the trend in recent years shows that enhancement of employee welfare and safety became more important. i. Singapore versus United States of America Both countries show various similarities of the roles of court in settling employment disputes. In United States of America (USA), employees are allowed to sue for dismissal due to discrimination of gender, religion, origin and many more. Employees are generally protected against discrimination under U. S Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC). In Singapore, employers are encouraged to practice fair employment promoted by Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP). In both countries, employees are allowed to bring their employers to court in any event that there are employment disputes and unresolved by conciliation and arbitration. However, there are differences too. In United States of America, the government is more in favor of the employees whereas in Singapore, the government is more in favor of the employers. Also, in any disputes, the United States of America allows employees to hire a lawyer or an attorney to represent them in court. In Singapore, employees covered under different acts are represented by different people such as the union leader or even unrepresented in front of the labour court. The different courts are designed to different cases involving money or other disputes while all disputes in United States are brought to only one court. 6. Conclusion Through intensive research and findings, this report covers the key points on how the different courts resolve employment disputes. Although MOM have proven to be an effective medium in mediating disputes between employers and employees, there is still a need for the presence of court to resolve cases that are more complex. Case studies are being brought up in the report to further illustrate how disputes are being resolved at different levels. In referring to the SRC case, it clearly highlight that although the IAC has provided the best possible remedy however it does not satisfy all parties who are involved in the case. This means that better procedures can be considered to better understand the problems underlying between employees and employers. Through our recommendations, it will provide possible solution to further enhance the system that is already in place. The recommendation will not only look at the current problems but it will also propose how corporations can create a harmonious working relationship among employers and employees. 7. Recommendations How to cite Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore, Essay examples

Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore Free Essays

string(82) " case whereby a cook employed by VP Food Pte Ltd, he was terminated after 3 days\." 1. Introduction a. Objectives The objective of the report is to provide a better understanding of the roles of the different courts in settling employment disputes. We will write a custom essay sample on Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the end of the report, reader would be able to find alternatives in settling employment disputes too. b. Methods of Research In this report, there will be real life case studies settled by different courts for settling disputes. These cases will help in illustrating the criteria for using the different courts. This report will also include internet research. 2. Causes of Disputes Disputes are caused when both parties, namely the employer and employee, cannot come into an agreement over monetary issues such as wages, benefits and overtime pay. Other circumstance will be a violation of health safety standards or law that can be common law or related to employment. Court cases will arise when these disputes are not resolved by conciliation or mediation. 3. Acts Relating to Employment There are two main acts that concern the procedures of settling disputes. They are the Employment Act (EA) and Industrial Relations Act (IRA). c. Employment Act For employees covered by the Employment Act, employment disputes will only be referred to the Labour Court for adjudication if they are unable to be resolved amicably through conciliation. Conciliation is a process which involves negotiations between the parties, then coming up with a mutually agreed decision that is fair to the parties involved. However, certain conditions must be satisfied, that the claim must be on matters arising not earlier than one year from the date of lodging the claim, and if the employee concerned had already left employment, the claim must be lodged within six months from the date of leaving employment. For managers and executives who are not covered by the Employment Act, the Ministry will consider providing mediation service to help resolve employment disputes on breach of contract or retrenchment. Mediation, a non-adversarial process, involves a mediator who will facilitate the entire process by helping the parties involved to first identify issues, negotiate, then find a practical solution and settlement that all parties involved are mutually agreeable to and able to accept. The mediation process is voluntary and considered on a case-by-case basis. There are certain requirements that will apply, which includes that the managers and executives are earning $4500 and below, the claim is in respect of a matter which occurred within the period of one year before the date that the issue is reported, if the claim is for items related to their termination (e. g. notice, the issue must be lodged within six months from the date on which the employee has left employment), and when viable alternatives such as private amicable settlement with employer had been exhausted. However, if either party fails to respond to mediation or if no amicable settlement could be reached after mediation, the matter will then be pursued in the civil court. d. Industrial Relations Act The Industrial Relations Act is passed in 1960 to provide a mean to settle employment disputes through collective bargaining which involves the union, conciliation and if unresolved, through arbitration held by the Industrial Arbitration court. This act aims to protect employees who are members of the union, allowing them to enjoy benefits covered under. Examples of union include the Food, Drinks and Allied Workers Union and Singapore Airlines Staff Union. This act limits the representation of employees who are in managerial and executive positions in certain areas. As defined in Section 30(1) of Industrial Relations Act, an executive employee is an employee who is employed in a managerial or executive position. They are not allowed to have representatives from the union to negotiate for retrenchment benefits upon retrenchment or resolving any dispute in the contract of employment. As this act is a bridge to the tripartite relationship in Singapore, namely the government, employer and employee, there are certain procedures to follow in accordance to filing a case against the employer in a unionized organization. Preceding the filing, the employee would have to try to resolve the dispute with his immediate supervisor. Failing that, he or she can choose to bring the matter up to a member of the branch committee of the Union who would make a representation of the employee in resolving the dispute. In more serious cases, it can be brought up to the Human Resource Department by the General Secretary of Union and may even request a union management meeting with the management of the company. After all means, both parties will then refer the case to Ministry of Manpower for conciliation which is an invitation to negotiate under the Act. If an agreement is not reached by both parties, they can seek mediation by the Industrial Arbitration Court. 4. Different Courts The employees covered under the different acts will bring up their unresolved disputes to different courts. . Labour Court The Labour Court, deals with issues between employers and employees when they cannot be resolved through mediation or reconciliation at the MOM level. It is empowered by law to inquire into and arbitrate disputes between employees and employers. If mediation between the parties does not yield any agreement, for example, company not paying their employee salary or wrongful dismissal. The decisions or o rders by the Labour Court are enforceable. It is also more viable for the employee to go through the Labour Court to settle employment disputes. However, the employees must not be earning more than S$2500 per month and are covered under the Employment Act. In the case of Vertex Global Holdings Pte Ltd, they owed an employee in arrears for about 2. 5 months. They gave the reason of having financial difficulties and were not able to pay the employee. The case was brought up to the Labour Court but they did not accept this explanation and the company was ordered to pay the employee amounting to $2820. In another case whereby a cook employed by VP Food Pte Ltd, he was terminated after 3 days. You read "Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore" in category "Essay examples" However, the employer was to pay him a sum of $235. 38 for work done but was underpaid. The reason that the employer gave was the distress caused by the cook’s harassment and there was no notice period specified. The explanation was rejected. The court held that Employment Act prevails and notice pay was payable In such cases, Labour Court comes into good use when dealing with unfair treatment from the company. But in recent years, the number of cases being brought up to Labour Court has decreased from 2009 to 2010. This shows that mediation or reconciliation has contributed to a huge part of the decrease in number of cases and they would be a better solution to problems than going to court. f. Industrial Arbitration Court Employment disputes, concerning union members, are not resolve under the conciliation of MOM are referred to the Singapore Industrial Arbitration Court (IAC) for further remediation. The IAC resolve disputes between employers and employees by offering the best possible solutions that are not only fair and beneficial to both parties but also in the interest of the community and country’s economic situation. The decision made by the Justice of IAC is concluding hence it cannot be disputed or appealed against. Voluntary and compulsory arbitration are the two ways that employers, unions or the government can refer an employment disputes to the IAC. Through the voluntary arbitration, employers and unions can refer their cases to the IAC through a joint or ex-parte application however this is only applicable when mediation at the MOM level is deem inconclusive. Under compulsory arbitration, a dispute is referred to the IAC when it is directed by the MOM or the President of Singapore. With increasing efforts from tripartite co-operation, Singapore has seen a great decrease in the number of cases being handled at IAC. The number of employment dispute cases averaged 10 per year and this indicate that that majority of the cases are being resolved at MOM and union level. This is essential as it helps to reduce unnecessary loss of work man hours and provide foreign investor’s confidence to invest in Singapore which in turn boosts the Singapore economy. Over the years, IAC has proven to be an effective way in solving disputes between employees and employers however there are cases when one party might feel otherwise. In the case of the dispute between Singapore Refinery Company and the representing union, the general secretary of SRCEU mentioned that â€Å"the union is disappointed with the ruling as a whole. † The case was brought up to the IAC for settlement as the union demanded salary and service increment for SRC employees. The president of IAC concluded that SRC will increase the service increment to 5 per cent plus $15 and 3 per cent salary increment. The union felt that the increment was too low and there was no effective communication between them and the company. This case show that whiles the IAC may provide the best feasible solution however it does not mean that it is the best fit for all the parties involved in the dispute. g. Civil Court The role of civil courts in resolving employment disputes is at minimal. Disputes raised by Professionals, Manager and Executives, also known as the PMEs, earning up to S$4,500, are solved in civil court. However, the Ministry of Manpower in Singapore is looking into resolving their salary disputes in Labour Court in the near future, limiting it to S$20,000. This allows PMEs to seek a lower cost alternative in resolving their disputes. For breaches in employment contract, it will still be handled by civil courts under law of contract. 5. Comparison h. Differences Between The 3 Courts | Civil Court| Labour Court| Industrial Arbitration Court| What they settle? | Employment disputes on breach of contract or retrenchment that cannot be resolved through mediation| Employment disputes that cannot be settled through conciliation| Trade disputes that cannot resolve through conciliation| How they settle? The role of Civil Court in resolving disputes is at minimal. Civil Court handles breaches in employment contract under law of contract. | The court has the authority to analyse and settle disputes(for example, unfair treatment from the company)| Resolve employment dispute through arbitration. The decision made by the Justice of IAC cannot be disputed or appealed against. | Criteria| PMEs(Professionals, Manager and Executives) earning up to $4,50 0| No legal representation is allowed in Labour Court. Employees not earning more than $2,500 per month and are covered under Employment Act| An executive employee who are employed in a managerial or executive position are not allowed to have representatives from the union to negotiate for them(retrenchment or disputes in the contract of employment)| Who can go? | Managers and executives that are not covered under Employment Act| Employers and Employees under Employment Act| Employers and trade unions| In the past, Singapore employment law has been favorable to employers. However, the trend in recent years shows that enhancement of employee welfare and safety became more important. i. Singapore versus United States of America Both countries show various similarities of the roles of court in settling employment disputes. In United States of America (USA), employees are allowed to sue for dismissal due to discrimination of gender, religion, origin and many more. Employees are generally protected against discrimination under U. S Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC). In Singapore, employers are encouraged to practice fair employment promoted by Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP). In both countries, employees are allowed to bring their employers to court in any event that there are employment disputes and unresolved by conciliation and arbitration. However, there are differences too. In United States of America, the government is more in favor of the employees whereas in Singapore, the government is more in favor of the employers. Also, in any disputes, the United States of America allows employees to hire a lawyer or an attorney to represent them in court. In Singapore, employees covered under different acts are represented by different people such as the union leader or even unrepresented in front of the labour court. The different courts are designed to different cases involving money or other disputes while all disputes in United States are brought to only one court. 6. Conclusion Through intensive research and findings, this report covers the key points on how the different courts resolve employment disputes. Although MOM have proven to be an effective medium in mediating disputes between employers and employees, there is still a need for the presence of court to resolve cases that are more complex. Case studies are being brought up in the report to further illustrate how disputes are being resolved at different levels. In referring to the SRC case, it clearly highlight that although the IAC has provided the best possible remedy however it does not satisfy all parties who are involved in the case. This means that better procedures can be considered to better understand the problems underlying between employees and employers. Through our recommendations, it will provide possible solution to further enhance the system that is already in place. The recommendation will not only look at the current problems but it will also propose how corporations can create a harmonious working relationship among employers and employees. 7. Recommendations How to cite Employment Dispute Resolution in Singapore, Essay examples